SCOUTS

SCOUTS

Scouts are the members of scout association. They serve as volunteers. The scout association is an international organization. It started in 1907 by lord Baden Powell, and Englishman. It has branches in almost all countries of the world. We have scout association in our country called Nepal boy and girls scout association. It is a member of the world scout association.

A national scout association has district associations. A district association has various troops under its jurisdiction. A troop again consists of 3 or 4 patrols. A patrol consists of a scout leader, and a troop is under the charge of a scout master. There are boys as well as girls scout. The scouts have a uniform of their own. Th
e boy scouts wear a shirt, a pair of shorts and a scarf. The Nepal scout puts on a black cap as well. The girl scouts are dressed up in a shirt, skirt and a cap. The scouts carry a whistle, a stick, a knife, a bag; a piece of rope and other things, a troop has a bugle or a drum with them. The scouts are given train by the scout teams and masters. They learn many things like swimming, first aids, cooking, signaling  and games. The scouts also promises to serve God and country. Their goal is service. They serve needy and distressed people, They learn and be discipline and public spirit. They should obey the 10 scout laws. They remain ever active and alert. Their motto is "always prepared”. They are not afraid with any kinds of work given to them. They are always ready to their leaders order. Heads high and soul purely dedicated to country they are ready to serve for the country even at their hardest time of their life.

 The scouts are very useful to community. They help the people in variously. They serve the distressed and wounded. They provides us first aid and treat the wounded to hospital. They help to off fire. They repair roads,clean roads, dams, bridges. They also go to the battle field to nurse. The first scouts were organized to nurse. They go in everywhere relief is needed. It is impossible to make a list of services. They are ready for any kind of service that is needed; the scouts gives feeling of brother hood. They go jamborees and rallies where they meet scouts from different countries and places. They takes part in common activities and programmers. The scout association of our country is not properly organized. It should be more active and its activities more extensive. There should be district associations in every part of our country. The activities of district associations should be properly organized and co-ordinate by the Nepal boy and girl scout association. The people of our country have not yet fully realized the importance of scouting; it should be made popular throughout the length and breadth of our country.

Most of the people still have no idea on what scouts really are. What are their uses, how can they help us, what are their services and what role are they playing to develop our country; not country actually the world. Each and every people should be given the knowledge on that. They should know how scouts have worked their hard to serve the country. People should know about their sacrifices and hard works. Programs on importance of scouts, their work should be done so that the world could know what they really are.  

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ECOSYSTEM

ECOSYSTEM

An ecosystem is an ecological unit consisting of both living and non-living factors of the environment. The word ecosystem was first termed by A.G. Tansley in 1935. Its two major’s components are biotic component and abiotic component.

 The biotic component includes all living organisms present in the environment. Plants and animals together depend on each other for their food and life. They can be classified differently as producers, consumers and decomposers. Producers are those members of an ecosystem that are capable of producing their own food from inorganic compounds. Autotrophic green plants are producers as they synthesize their own food. Consumers are the living member of the ecosystem which consumes the food matter built up by the producer. Under this category, all different kinds of animals that are found in an ecosystem are included. According to their food, consumers are of three types- primary consumer (insects, rabbit, deer etc), secondary consumer (sparrow, crow, fox, dog) and tertiary consumer (lion, tiger, vulture). Decomposers are also living components of an ecosystem and are composed of microorganisms.  They break down the organic compound of dead producers and consumers which can be used green plants. Bacteria and fungi are decomposers.

Abiotic components constitute the non living factors in the environment. The basic components are organic and inorganic compounds. The major inorganic elements and compounds are water, oxygen, carbonates, phosphorous, calcium, etc. proteins, and carbohydrates, liquid are important organic compounds. It also includes physical factors such as temperature, rainfall, light, soil etc.

Based upon the particular kind of habitat , there are different types of ecosystem;-

Aquatic ecosystem

 Marine ecosystem:- the sea ecosystem is one of the major examples of water ecosystem. The sea is several kilometers deep, but the majority of organisms live on the upper portion of the water which is called the euphotic zone. Only some animals, like squids, inhabit the deep, dark layers of the sea. Planktons are a kind of organisms found in the sea. They are eaten by fish as food.

Freshwater ecosystem:- a pond is a good example of a freshwater ecosystem. There are two main components, abiotic and biotic components

Abiotic components- the most important abiotic component is water since all the organisms of pond must live in water. Gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen contained in water in dissolved form are available to plants and animals for photosynthesis and respiration. Plants absorb minerals directly from the water

Biotic components- producer:- the major producers in this ecosystem are algae and other aquatic plants which produce their own food by converting the radiant energy of the sun intro potential energy through the process if photosynthesis. Some of these producers are rooted like hydrilla; vallisnaria and other are free-floating plants like diatoms, spirogyra, euglena etc

Consumers:- primary consumers are herbivorous feeding directly in living plants and plants remain. In the pond, the important primary consumers are amoeba, paramecium and zooplankton. Different kinds of insect larvae and tadpole also come under this category.

Decomposer:- fungi and bacteria act as decomposers in a pond. When plants and animals die, a large number of fungi and bacteria attack their dead bodies and convert the complex organic substances into simpler form. Green plants in their nutrition again utilize the chemical elements liberated by decomposer.

Terrestrial ecosystem – Forest component:- forest is the best example of a terrestrial ecosystem

Abiotic components: abiotic components of this type of ecosystem are; soil, moisture, air, sunlight straight from the physical factors.

Biotic components: the biotic components as the ecosystem are divided to producers, consumers and decomposers.

Grassland ecosystem

Abiotic components: there are the inorganic as well as the organic substance present in the soil and atmosphere.

Biotic components: Producer, Consumer, decomposer

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Youtube

Youtube

We live in a sophisticated world. A world full of excitements, new innovations everyday and the world where its all about science and technology. Computers rule the modern world. Its like impossible to do things without computer these days, internet and network are all round the globe. They surround the globe like an atmosphere. Its all about innovating and inventing. The world is a digital world. Social media is a most famous thing these days. People connect to each other and live the social media life. They update everything they do and why won’t they? It’s all about being famous and being seen. YouTube is one of the most active, working and appreciated social media these days. People connect, know and learn from YouTube. So what is you tube? It’s a social media site where you post any of your videos and anyone from any part of the world who are connected through network. It has it’s headquarter in San Bruno, California. YouTube is believed to have come into existence on February 14, 2005. It was founded by three members who were former PayPal employees.The three founders were Chad Hurley,Steve Chen and Jawed Karim. It was later on bought by google and it started to gain popularity. During 2006 and then the rest is history. so, it is basically a video sharing website. So how do you do it all? You go to a browser, type www.youtube.com, the site appears. There is a option to upload if you want to upload any videos you please if you are just there to listen to music or watch a movie or anything you please, you go to search button at the top, type what you please and click search and the respective video appears, you click on it and enjoy what comes next. if you want to have a quick search, one can just copy the link, paste it and search. You can even like, unlike or comment on the video as you want. One can also subscribe the channel that uploaded the video if they wish to see more of it, so what is a channel? A channel is your own personal account provided by youtube itself on youtube through which you can share your videos.

Buffering is kind of thing that happens most in youtube. The nature of it depends upon your internet connection speed. High  speed less buffering slow speed, high buffering.  So this is a site which helps us a lot. one can even earn money through youtube. If one of the videos you upload gets high views and likes. You tube pays you money according to the views you gain so, It’s kind of you get paid for your efforts and hard work. You even get famous if you are talented. People appreciate you for your talent and efforts you do. So, you tube is a place where you can share, learn, get, give, earn and do many other stuffs as you please. We can even delete the videos if we no longer want to keep them on you tube within time. You Tube has grown and will keep on growing. People will never stop using you tube. Instead its use in coming days will increase randomly. It can be used through PC's, laptops, cell phones and other portable devices that can support it. Why do people love you tube so much? Well the answer is simple and straight. People want to know the things in a different way. They want to share things to others. and what can be the best way than seeing and listening at the same time. It’s new, entertaining and it gets into us too easily. What kinds of videos can be watched and shared on youtube? From music videos to movies to audios to any kinds of video one can films the site also has many steps and precautions regarding age. if the contents are explicit, there is a age appropriation 18+ is the age to view it, so one needs an appropriate account to view the video. if he is under age, he cannot view the contents and the site is secured too with many security levels. No malicious softwares are found. the site is protected and there is no risk viewing it, further more, the youtube also takes necessary precautions to limit the contents a viewer can view. if the video contents are outrageous or improper, it automatically deletes it. And even sues the up loader taking further precautions if necessary.There also comes copyright issues. If someone violates the copyright issues and uploads the video, then he has to pay compensation facing other charges according to the crime it fits so, this is youtube in general. a video-sharing site where you can share,view and comment on the video one likes and learn much more.

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The choice of profession

The choice of profession

In our community or society, we observe the people of active age group being involved in different profession according to their interest, field of study and ability to earn money for livelihood and make life easy. With the changing pace of culture, civilization, science and technology, professions of people differ from society to society and country to country. Profession is a type of job that requires skill, deep knowledge, special training and education. Teaching, medicine, engineering, agriculture, driving, architect, law etc are different sectors of profession. Each sector has its own further sub classification such as basic level, intermediate level and specialized. For example in medicine sector, pastoral health assistance, maternal health worker, assistance health worker, assistance nursing midwife etc fall under basic level where as health assistance, staff nurse, lab assistance etc fall under intermediate level and doctors, lab technologist, surgeon etc are specialized profession. Education is very important for profession. So, attaining education having knowledge, skill and ability needed to be in any type of job is called professional education. Every profession needs capable, creative and skilled person to carry out the job professionals need training and education according to sector wise classification of profession.

People are engaged in different professions. They have their own living standard and earning pattern. Teaching, nursing, engineering etc are some common and traditional professions in our society. Professions can be classified broadly based on the sector, stratum and nature of service.

Sector is a segment or division of the society. There are different sectors in an economy consisting of trade, commerce, education, service, production and so on. Professions also differ with these sectors. Sector wise profession includes agriculture, forestry, construction, medicine, tourism, teaching and so on. It can also be categorized into sub-sectors.

Stratum is the layer of profession. There are different stratums in each stratum in each profession. These stratums differ from general to specialized degree of complexities. Here, we discuss on fundamental, intermediate and specialized stratum of profession. Fundamental profession helps to fulfill basic necessities in our life. These professions ease our daily life from economic aspect. Examples of fundamental profession are tailoring, agriculture, handicraft, farming, carpenter etc.

Intermediate professions are the professions having addition of skill, knowledge and capability to fundamental professions. Trained individuals are used for intermediate profession. Training is necessary for accomplishing these intermediate professions. Intermediate profession is also categorized into technical and non technical professions. Examples of technical intermediate professions are health assistant, junior technician, computer operator, sub engineer, overseer etc similarly examples of non technical intermediate professions are accountant, office assistant, junior assistant etc.

Specialized professions are high level professions. Such professions require high degree of seriousness in performing their job. These professions are supposed to have higher academic qualification. Person in these profession are supposed to solve complex and specialized problems. Specialized profession requires professional education of at least four years and related training. Specialized professions are also divided into technical and non technical profession. Technical specialized profession consist engineering, doctor and pilot etc. Similarly, non technical specialized profession consists of manager, professor, researcher etc.

 Profession can also be classified according to the nature of service. Nature of service can be production oriented and service, profession can be classified in to two broad categories.

Production related professions; professions that are related with production of goods are called production related profession. Theses professions consists of professions related to agriculture, mental, mines and industry. Example of productions related professions are carpenter, welder, designer, machine operator.

Service related professions: service related profession provides service to mankind. These professions serve human being form different aspects. Services are neither seen nor can be touched, they only can be felt. For example plumbing, teaching, acting, nursing, medicine etc. some professionals in this category are cashier, teacher, doctor, nurse etc.

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SELF-HELP

SELF-HELP

The capability and confidence in doing own work without asking for anyone’s help is called self help or self. No person can live in this works without doing work. Everybody has some task to do. Some persons do their work themselves. They do not depend on others, some person do their work themselves. They want to get their work done by others. Those who do their work themselves are said to be self-reliant. Self-help is the habit of doing work without taking the help of others.

Self-help gives us strength. It makes us active and diligent. We work hard to achieve success. We do not waste time. We work harder and harder. Self help is the best help. It makes us achieve. We work hard and achieve success. We are not idle and wait for others help, we finish our work quickly. We do not give up our efforts even if we fail. We try again and again till we achieve success. The habit of self help gives us strength day by day. We acquire the power of doing difficulties. We learn to preserve and perspire. Those who depend on others are always idle. They do not realize their own strength. They do not realize their own strength. They always look to others for help. Others do not readily come forward to help them. Others do not work sincerely for them and the result is failure. They cannot face obstacles.

Self-reliant persons are bold and strong. Those who depend on others are weak and timid. Such persons cannot accomplish even small tasks. They think they have little strength to work. They have no confidence. They never exert themselves to any task. They always look to others for help. Others may not work for them or may work half heartedly. Their work is not well. They often come to grief and disappointment. Person with trust in them can only gain success.

Those who depend on others have their work done at great cost. They have to reward those who work for them. They cannot wholly enjoy the fruit of their work. They have to share the fruit with others. Such persons cannot achieve great success in life. Those who want to be successful in life must learn to work themselves. All great men have been self reliant. They worked night and day, while others slept. Self reliant person acquire the qualities for leadership. They can lead themselves as well as others. Working by own is a proof of leadership and self help. People should try to complete their work by themselves, expecting help from others for own work is the sign of weak person which one would never want to be.

The story of Hercules and the carter is a good illustration of the power of self-help. A carter had wheels of his cart stuck in mud. He did not push the cart but prayed to the god Hercules help. Hercules came and told him to put his shoulders to the wheel. The carter did so, and the wheels came out of the mud. We should learn to be self-reliant. We should do out work little by little. The habit of self-reliant must be taught at an early age. Parents and teachers should teach children this lesson. Self help is very important for students. Some students do not do their lessons. They have their lessons done by others, or they copy from others. Such students cannot be successful. If they want to succeed, they should stand on their own legs. We should all learn the habit of self help which leads to success and prosperity.

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The cost of your life

The cost of your life

Some people want to die since they think that living hasn’t approved them the contentment that they have the right for, but I believe only those seek to devastate their gifted life, which think are inadequate all the time. But death is not an end, it is a gateway. I know that every living thing that lives in this world has to abscond the world one day and no living being had been living perpetually. As like, where there is beam, there is ache as well and so on.

Sometimes this sensation also comes to my mind that’s why I am exisisting when there is no happiness printed in my fate, feels like life has nothing to gift me where I disregard that life in itself is a reward for me. I am given the prospect to live. There must be at any rate nothing to do, at least there should be something in this world that I have not yet achieved but I can achieve. And I forgot that there is not only the death left. Where there is wind there is a roll.

Maybe it is so that people who turn to suicides should be medaled for contradicting the award of god. Once I heard somewhere the superior aphorism, “when you came to this world, there were tears in your eyes and everyone was pleased, congratulating joyful. Nevertheless when you walk off, don’t let the same thing happen, same things repeats that no one is repentant for your deficiency instead do the thing that you keep smiling and face the death and let everybody cry because you are going. Let them realize how important you were in their life.

This saying really touched me in the second moment when I heard it. So from then. I have been philosophizing of wath such nature of the thing I can make so that everyone will miss my charisma. How should I at least the assessment to my presence? Well it is a hard thing to retort because there I do things superior to one I will be disgruntling ten other, so there I realized that it is not so straight forward and that is the point where people feel like now no more. But that is where the true confront initiates that are the peak where you have to clash with yourself, and remember you are neither a saint nor a spirit. You are a simple body with the soul inside that gets wounded ubiquitously and you need to make it sturdy and you are gifted with a light weighted intelligence that is put on the very top of you that should be used and there is a small pumping heart inside you that will let you know what is the right and what is not. And here I remember a saying that whatever your heart enlightens you as the first verdict is always right. The major thing is, are you ready to admit the fact?

Well, one more thing I should append up id, “one can do anything for oneself, but the real accomplishment is the one you do for other in return of nothing more than self satisfaction, “I have read somewhere that self satisfaction is the uppermost achievement o any human body. That is the one everyone looks for there is here everyone looks for and there you get tripped. We have hardly any time to think for others. Here we are not beings able to accomplish our own objectives, who the hell will think for others. Who the hell will think for others?

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AIR AND ATMOSPHERE

AIR AND ATMOSPHERE

Air is mainly a mixture of two gases, nitrogen and oxygen. Air is invisible, colorless and tasteless. Air has weight and exerts pressure. Air is an extremely important natural resource. Air is necessary for all the living organisms. This is because all the living beings breathe air. In fact, air is the best medium for the respiratory process. The terrestrial organisms can get oxygen necessary for respiration from air. A man respires about 22000 times a day and takes about 16 kg of air into body during this process. 

 The air present above the surface of the earth is its gaseous components which forms an invisible cover around the earth. The region of air present around the earth is called the atmosphere. The density of air is highest near the sea-level and as we go higher above the sea level, the density of air goes on decreasing. The atmosphere extends about 50 kilometers from the surface of the earth. The composition of atmospheric of atmospheric air also changes with the change in altitude. There are several concentric layers in the vertical profile of the atmosphere. The main layers of the atmosphere are: 

i) Troposphere

ii) Stratosphere

iii) Mesosphere

iv) Thermosphere

Role of atmosphere is to protect the living things from harmful radiation like ultra-violet reys by forming an ozone layer. Ozone is a gas whose one molecule contains three atoms of oxygen. At a height about 16 kilometers from the earth, the sun-rays convert the oxygen present there into ozone. The proportion of ozone gas in the atmosphere increases up to a height of about 23 kilometers.

The air particulates: the finely divided solid or liquid particles suspended in air are called particulates. Some of the examples of particulates present in the atmosphere are; dust, smoke, fumes, mist, spray are liquid particulates. Some more examples of particulates in the atmosphere are; spores, pollen grains, bacteria, fungi, virus, fur, hair, sand, sodium chloride, pesticides, insecticides, cement dust, lead dust, mercury dust and asbestos dust.

The particulate pollutants cause various allergic reactions, produces disease like bronchial asthma and tuberculosis. It reduces the visibility by producing haze in the atmosphere. This hinders road and air traffic. The particulates like smoke blacken the buildings and white clothes. The aerosols like fog can absorb and concentrate poisonous gases in the atmosphere and cause more serious air pollution like smog. Smog produces diseases like bronchitis, asthma and heat related disorder. It causes irritation to the eyes, nose and throat. Smog has an adverse effect on the growth and development of plants and reduces the visibility to very low level and hence causes the disruption of road and air traffic too. 

Lead is a very poisonous metal. Even a very low concentration of lead in the human body can create metabolic disturbances. Due to the prolonged effect of lead in the human body, malformation of red cells lead to a disease called anemia. Lead gets bound with the cellular enzymes and disrupts the functioning of cells and organs of the muscular dust cause lung cancer and asbestos.

Air pollution is the unwanted substances present in the air that affects the environment. The substances which pollute the air are called air pollutants. Air pollution is caused due to natural processes, human activities, and radioactivity. We all know about natural process and human activities and radioactive pollution is the phenomenon in which the nuclei of atoms of certain elements undergo spontaneous disintegration and emit alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays. The sources of radioactive pollution are of two types and they are natural and man-made. The natural sources are mainly the naturally occurring radioactive elements and their compounds and the man-made are those which can be mining and refining of radioactive materials like nuclear weapons and so on.

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YOUTH AND RESPONSIBILTIES

YOUTH AND RESPONSIBILTIES

Youth is not a time of life. It is a state of mind. Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage; over timidity of the appetite for adventure. Over a life of ease. As said by Samuel Ullman,“youth is something new and is wholly experimental”. Youth is a state when one has no blood in one's nerves and is full of enthusiasm, ambitions and dreams. Youth is like spring, an over praised season, when one does not think oneself but for one’s fame that makes advance ahead until and unless the goal is approached.

 As a matter of fact you are the flowers of today and their good deeds become the fruit of the development by tomorrow. They have strong shoulders innovative minds an extraordinary strength with which they can lift the country to a great height to touch the sky richness and prosperity. Because of the character of not retreating they are ready to face any kind of strum of problems and can crush them into pieces almost everything that is great has been done by youth. This has become possible because of their surprising strength.

Actually, youths are the only cornerstone of a country and there are none except youths from whom nation can think of its building. As Shakespeare had said, youth is like summer brave, like nimble, hot and bold and full sporty

Youths are building block for the development of country. The new ideas and new viewa of youth can help nation to step ahead in the field of development. Youth are the most strongest and powerful stage in life. You has the ability to make country as well as destroy the country. If the country could use this youth right direction then no one can stop the nation to be developed more than they are now. Some countries like Pakistan and Nepal have no idea what the youth force and always remain backwards. whereas countries who know the abilities and strength of youth use the fresh minded ideas and innovations to develop their countries and they have done.

Youth has so much to do so many responsibilities to fulfill. The first and foremost responsibility is to identify and vote for the minister who is capable for the seat and who works for the country with his whole heart and does not cheat public. Whereas creating programs on various things can also develop the nation; people in rural areas have no idea about health problems, the prevention and cures; by providing them medicines and foods to cover their starvation is  a good thing to do. The people who have gone through natural calamities, youths can provide food to those peoples. A program by giving family planning knowledge is the best option too. Holding blood donation programs once alive can help needy people. They can help newcomers and other people who want to work with them. New people, new idea, new planning can make a new and prosperous nation. They can even help government in making new laws and policies. Opening a youth club and working in cleanliness of roads, rivers and dirty areas can help country look well. Coming up with new inventions and creating things of your own also helps country develops.

Today youth can do a great job for the development of the country if the government tries to push them forward. For example we all love old heroes they will always remain evergreen in our heart but if we had to choose between some face and the old one we will surely choose the new face because they are the one, who is going to work for this generation. So it is necessary for the country to have youth as they are the future is the nation.

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IS CINEMA MISLEADING US?

IS CINEMA MISLEADING US?

Today, people are walking in the way of modernization. People want entertainment. There are many sources of entertainment from which we can enjoy. Among them cinema is one of the popular way of entertainment. Cinema is the art or industry of producing films or it is the theater where films are shown collectively. There are different characters in film. The film stars must have the talent to act which attracts the public. When we watch cinema, we looks real to us not acting. When there’s happy scene going on we become happy as well and if there’s a sad scene going on we become sad or cry along with the actors in the film. The film of high quality can be popular. Quality films can develop the film industry. Thus, if film industry develops then the economic condition of that country develops along as it is also a economic activity. But that does not mean that film should only be produce for the sake of money. 

Today we don’t have to go to theaters or cinema halls to watch a movie. We can watch it through CD’s and DVD’s at home. People watch movies usually when they get bored, they watch them with their friends and come out of their boredom and for entertainment. As different things have different values, cinema has its own values in which the talents of the people can be developed and reduce the problem of unemployment as well. It helps the characters to show their talents and develop or raise their confidence level on them. Today it has become like a basic need of people.

As all the things have a good part and a bad part, cinema also has its own advantage and disadvantage. The feature or documentary films are very knowledgeable. They give us information about lots of things. The nature, historical places, floras and faunas are the films which help to develop knowledge within us. Other documentary such as social aspects and social activities in our country are knowledgeable. Thus in one hand films or cinemas are very necessary for human life which develops knowledge and it’s a platform to show ones talent. We can also know about other culture. But, in other hand, it has bad aspects too. The story of cinema has adversely affected the mind of people. Many films are getting a less importance in the industry due to their low quality story and ineffective message through the film. Unnecessary things which are shown in the movies affect the real life of the people.

The bad scenes which are shown in the films, people try to copy those bad habits. Taking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, making gangs, fighting, stealing and so on are the bad things people learn from movies. The love stories are also affecting the societies especially among teenagers. Not only that, it has even affected the mind of children. From very small age they have boyfriend or girlfriend, they fall in love and even run away from home and they see the same thing in movies. The glamorous pictures, over fashions have also affected the teenagers who are following western culture and trends. They are forgetting their own culture and traditions. They try to bring these fashions in their own life. They wear clothes they are not comfortable in just because the trend has made them wear such clothes. 

Thus, if you want to copy stuffs than you should copy it from a good movie which tells about the social activities and knowledgeable things. The movies that give you bad messages shouldn’t be watched. Watch well, hear well and speak well.

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The importance of music

The importance of music

Music, one of the amazing friend of human being since the human existence. Music really is like a magic which supports human being in their pain and happiness. The music has a strong power in itself because it can make a normal person to move their body in its flow. Either it is festival, program or any ceremony music plays the vital role there.The power of music has made the human being to fall in its lap and pray it in every single minute.

In every single part of our body the music exists. From amorning to evening the music helps us to spend our day easily. Even in dreams we can imagine the music due to its variations. The humans have made a lot of variations in music along with their choices. The classical music one of the variations of music became most popular among people. Similarly, pop music, rock music, Hip Hop and RNB, Jazz etc. is the variations of human creation for music. Along with the taste of people in music the variation increases every single day. 

Music; it’s the thing each and every person loves from a child to old aged person, Teenagers love music anyways. Although the taste of music varies with a person but there is not a single person in this world who doesn’t like music. Music is life for everyone from ancient time. People listen to music when they are happy, sad, depressed, and sleepy and even while studying. Others might think really during studies as well but, yes about 95% of teenagers listen to music while studying which helps you to concentrate on the thing you are up to. People from ancient time were in love with music. It has been a part of our culture and tradition and has changed generation by generation with people. Music creates peace and brotherhood in society by the message it conveys through its song. Music tells us the true meaning of love in family and friends.  

 Music creates such type of environment that the person acts according to the change in music around. If sad songs are played they feel like crying and if happy songs are played they get up and dance if allowed…!! In almost every restaurant singers or bands are kept so that people could hear them live and enjoy staying inside the restaurants. 

Souls of people are connected to music. When a lyricist writes and changes it to a perfect song there are more than 90% of people who feel this one song is made for him/her or suits their situation. We wake up with the music in alarm and sleep listening to music. Our day starts with music and end with it. Our life is so much connected with music that we feel incomplete without it. It’s like life without light. 

 There are so many things in world which is impossible without music; for example:-  dancing. Dance without music would surely be meaningless. There are so many people in the world who have been in music career and only they know what kind of emotional attachment they have with music. It has become there life; it’s like oxygen to them. One day without music and they feel depressed. 

Someone had this kind of attachment with music; she told me that “i came to this world with the word music in my soul. i could live without air but me without music is life without soul. i am so much emotionally attached with music that i could live my whole life with this thing alone”. Music is life and live your life till the end.

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GALAXY AND STARS

Our universe contains billions and billions of stars. These stars are emit disturbed uniformed in space but occur in huge bunches or cluster. Such bunches or cluster contains billions of stars called galaxy. In other words, the galaxy is a city of star. Spaces between the stars are filled by clouds of dusts and gases.

Thus, galaxy is a giant collection of billions of star, dusts and gases. A galaxy can be considered as the building blocks of the universe. There are more than 10 to the power 10 galaxies in the universe. Each galaxy on an average contains 100 billion stars. The galaxies are not stationary. They are continuously moving. On the basis of shapes, galaxies can be classified into the following three types: elliptical galaxies, spiral galaxies and irregular galaxies

Elliptical galaxies look like a flat elliptical disc. Spiral galaxy is a shaped like a disc with small spherical bright central region bulging out in the center. The stars the spiral galaxies are concentrating at the center. About 70% of the galaxies are of spiral type. The two important spiral galaxies are Milky Way and Andromeda galaxy. Irregular galaxies are the galaxies which is neither elliptical shape nor spiral. These are generally smaller than the elliptical or spiral galaxies. 

It is discovered that almost all the galaxies are moving away from each other at the tremendous speeds. The galaxies farthest from the earth appear to travel to the farthest. Due to this fact scientist believe the universe is expanding. 

Milky Way galaxy is the galaxy which contains 100 billion stars of which our sun us a member in the Milky Way galaxy. It is of spiral type. All the members of the Milky Way galaxy are revolving around the center core of a galaxy called galactic center. The velocity of the sun around the galactic center is 250 km/sec. it completes one rotation in 200 million years. This time taken by the sun to complete its rotation around the galactic center is known as one cosmic year. The distance between the heavenly bodies are measured in the unit of light years. One light year represents a distance equal to 9,500,000,000,000km.

Nothing in the universe stays the same forever. There is cycle of birth and death for everything. Likewise, a star born at a certain point lives for certain period of time and finally dies. The interstellar space is filled with clouds of dusts and gases mainly hydrogen and helium. Whenever the mass of such a cloud exceeds a certain amount the clouds begins to contract due to weak gravitational attraction between them. Since there are very large masses of clouds, the gravitational pull between the clouds become so large that the clouds begin to contract due to its gravity. Ultimately the clouds compress to a highly condensed mass. This dense condensed mass is called Protostar.

Due to the contraction, the cloud heats up. The pressure inside the cloud also rises. At certain stage, the cloud explodes into large number of fragments. Each fragment continues to contract further under its own weight. This results in the increase in temperature. When the temperature of each fragment reaches about 10 to the power 7 K, the nuclear fusion reaction starts converting hydrogen into helium with the release of tremendous energy. Thus, each fragment becomes a star and a cluster of stars is born. 

When the hydrogen is completely converts into helium in the central core of the star, there is no more production of heat. Thus, the outward pressure will become to zero. As a result, there is only inward gravitational pull. Due to this, the star contracts continuously and the temperature of the core increases further. The increase in the temperature causes the expansion of the outer layer and the size of the star. There is considerable increase in the size is the star. Due to the expansion the temperature, the outer layer starts falling. Finally, a stage is reached when the star becomes very large in size and red in color. This red star is called red giant.

Out sun will become red giant about 5 billion years from now. In this stage, it will expand about 48 to 64 million km and consume mercury and Venus. The earth’s temperature will increase so high that all forms of life will be burnt. A star may remain as a red giant for several million years, at the end of the stage the rate of emission of energy increases enormously and a violent explosion called nova or supernova occurs in the star. This explosion throws a large portion of the star into space. The brightness of the star increases sharply for some time and diminishes at this stage. This is called the death of the star.

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ASTRONAUTICS

To know about the astronautics, we have to know about Astronomy. Astronomy is the scientific study of the stars, planets and other heavenly bodies it understands it, men have watched the sky and have tried to explain what they have seen there. The astronomer, like any other scientists needs a laboratory is called instrument is telescope. So, astronautics deals with astronomy by the different medium. Astronautics is the branch of science which deals with the many problems of space flight.

 The space age begins with the launching of artificial satellite 10^th October 1957, less than 4 years later on April 12 1961, came the first manned flight. The Russian Yuri Gagarin made one orbit of the earth in his space craft vostok1. He was the 1^st space pilot, of astronaut. After years of preparation the US landed a manned space craft Apollo 11, on the moon on July 20, 1969. In the next few years several more successful moon landings were achieved by the USA and valuable scientific experiments were helped in these by the small vehicles on moon buggy, they took with them. A space craft is carried into space on the top of massive rocket, which lifts it clear of the earth’s atmosphere and gives it the very high speed required to keep it in orbit or propel it to the moon. A space craft can stay in orbit if it has enough speed to overcome the pull of the earth or gravity =. For an orbit 100 km above the earth, this orbital velocity is 28000 km/hr. at this distance and orbital velocity the tendency of the space craft to fly away from the earth is balanced by the gravitational pull.

There is then no effective gravity on orbit. Everything is therefore weightless. This state is often called zero G where G stands for gravity. The space craft must be lifted above the earth’s atmosphere to avoid the resistance, or drag of the air. Drag would quickly fall back to the earth. Also fiction with the air would heat the craft and might even make it burn up, just like a meteor does. The meteors are heavenly bodies that may be seen in the sky of moon less at night as flashes of lights. They are not stars; however, their appearance has given rise to their common name, shooting stars. The sizes of meteors vary from small dust particles to large structures weighing many tons. The dust particles break up of comets the large structures are pieces of asteroids after their collision.

Launching an astronaut into space and bringing him back is a very hazardous business. To start with, he has to stand with the great forces of acceleration during take off. Then he must adjust to the effects of weightless in orbit. He must be protected by spacecraft or spacesuit from cold and airless world of space. He must survive the rapid slowing down and heating effects caused by the drag of the atmosphere. Astronauts receive special training to prepare themselves for space flights. For example, they spend a long time in a machine called centrifuge, which whirls them round and round rapidly and reproduces the kind of forces they can expect during the take off and landing. The astronauts also train in dummy space craft which can be made to do many of the things as a real one does in space. After months of intensive training, the astronauts climb into their space craft and are rocked into space. They lie on their backs during launching because that is the best way to with stand the great ‘push’ of the rocket. 

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LIFE

Life, someone questioned me and all but it is difficult to define it, it’s about sixteen years now that I have come into being and still have never for once tried to go through the word. Sometimes I even think, “Why should I bother about it anyways? It doesn’t matter what life is. I’m here and living life in my own way. Why should I waste my time on it?” but that day, that particular day, I don’t what came up to me. I for instance got lost in a dark room. The only sensation I could feel was myself breathing. Then suddenly a light appeared through the darkness and pointed toward a while board. This drew my attention. What I saw their amazed me. A word written in black block letters ‘LIFE’ followed by a big question mark? I stood cold as ice and forcefully closed my eyes. When slowly I tried myself in my own room, lying on my bed.

Was it a dream? I don’t know. And if it was, why such questions did surround me and I ran towards my study table. There I took my dictionary and started turning its pages to the alphabet ‘L’ then ‘LIFE’.

The state condition of existing. A period from one’s birth to its death. “Why is it real meaning?”Suddenly this question arose in mind. It hovered around the word and I could think of no more than this four lettered word. I again lay back on my bed and began to think. Well, I have heard some proverbs like,

“While there’s life there’s hope”. Or

“The best things in life are free.” And also “Variety is the spice of life”. But none of them seem to give me on exact view to the point. Is it that life is so complicated?

Some people use the phrase, ‘larger than life, to exaggerate in order to appear more important. But is there anything even more important than like itself? When one observes Da Vinci’s painting, he exclaims, oh! He has brought the picture to life!” and full of life says that something is lively and cheerful. I've heard lots of time the phrase, “Run for your life!” when someone is in danger so as to save one’s life. So, does life really end after death? Then what about the term ‘life after death’? 

Egyptians believe in life after death, long ago Egyptian kings- Pharaohs were buried in tombs which were made underground with lots of chamber and on top of which huge pyramids were built. I have heard that even today they offer food and water; and believe that the split of the dead feeds on them. We still hear about people being cursed by Tutankhamen’s spirit. The fact however is unknown.  Okay then, I takes it as life, the sensation of existence. Our state of being. 

My mother once said, “Life is as one lives it. So, live life not yourself but for others if you want to live forever”. Now as I come to think of it, she is right. Take for instance our revolutionist brothers and sisters who proudly lived their lives for the country and embraced martyrdom for the sake of their countrymen. We salute them, not only today but also in the endless years to come. They will always occupy a special place in our hearts and memories. Unlike those who in their lifetime for their own greed didn't even hesitate to take thousands of innocent lives. These people will only remain in their own thoughts and will eventually vanish after death. Nothing but infamy will mark their race. So, what do you say life is? If you ask me, I would say:-“ such is life, so common, yet so complex.”

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FAMINE

Famine means scarcity of foodstuffs. There are many causes of famine. One of the causes is drought. If there is no rainfall or little rainfall, nothing can do grown in the fields and there is a famine. Another cause of famine is excessive rainfall or a flood. Excessive rainfall or floods destroy crops, and there is a famine. Excessive rainfall is as bad as no rainfall. Sometimes, there is a famine due to war, hail or pestilence. Sometimes, there may be a famine when the foodstuffs of an area are sent to other areas.

A famine causes a lot of suffering to the people. The people do not get food and have to starve. Some people get insufficient food and fall a victim to diseases. They cannot go out for work and get little to eat. Some people eat grass, roots, leaves and other things. This makes them a prey to several diseases. People sell even their children. People leave their property for a morsel of food. Some people sell even their children. People eat the rubbish thrown in dustbins. Sometimes, there is a flight between a hungry person and street dog for piece of thrown-away food. A famine stricken area presents a ghastly scene of misery and suffering.

It is the duty of the government to take preventive measures against famine. Floods should be controlled. This can be done by building dams across rivers. Canals, wells and tanks should be dug to supply water in case of the failure of rains. Crops in an area of scarcity should not be allowed to be taken to other places. Peasants should be taught improved taken to other places. Peasants should be taught improved modes of agriculture and the use of good seeds and fertilizers. Steps should be taken to increase the yield of the land. Roads and railways should be built in different parts of the country. In case of actual famine, foodstuffs should be brought quickly from other places and distributed freely or at a nominal rate. Relief societies and rich persons also should help famine stricken people.

Nowadays famine is not as terrible as in the older days. In the older days, there were few good roads and few means of swift transportation. Food-stuffs could not be quickly transported from one place to another. As a result of a famine hundreds of people died of starvation and disease. Nowadays there are good roads and swift means of transportation. Foodstuffs can be quickly sent from one place to another. In case of actual famine, prompt relief is offered by the government and relief societies. So many places where walking was only way to take foods to their home has changed transportation facility that developed made it easy for them with which foods and crops started entering the place and developed those places.

Nowadays famine is not the result of the scarcity of foodstuff, but is the result of lack of purchasing power. The people do not have money to buy foodstuffs which are sold at a high rate. So, it is the duty of the government to formulate plans to increase production and raise the income of the people. Until and unless the income of the people is raised families cannot be stopped. We do not hear of famines in rich countries but only in poor and under-developed countries. Under-developed countries should have plans to drive off poverty and raise the living standard of the people. It is the poor people who are hit by famine; rich people have no fear of famine because they are fulfilled with everything they want.

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TEENAGER AND DRUGS

Our world is now stepping towards the modern centuries. There are many that study science and technology. Steps have been taken for their betterment; even the teenagers of this age have advanced a lot. But make a point, not in studies or other stuffs, in taking drugs. Today, around 75% of the teenagers are addicted not only to drugs but have indulged themselves in smoking and drinking which is also a kind of addiction. And if we try to find the reason through them, the reason is peace mind relief, happiness etc.. But giving any right answer and none other than the one who has the capacity to think on its will says that drugs will result any good things for temporary satisfaction but permanent infection. Isn’t the addiction the cause of infection? There are many other ways through which we can look for the satisfaction. A drug in it is not medicine. It hampers our physique. We can get involved in other social activities and if you think that you have no time wasting for others, then we can hang out on with books and friends as well but obviously not drugs. Actually drug is the main issue for the violence. Once you are addicted to it then after it will addict you I think you have heard that you take it one time, you take it the other time and next it takes you. And when it starts taking you then it will become hard for you to get rid of it. The cases like murders, thefts, robbery are the case occurs due to the reason of drugs. Teenagers addicted to drugs can do anything to everything just for a pill of drugs, so we can easily predict how dangerous it can be. It can even make someone come down to kill the other.

Once a person gets addicted he/she cannot stop taking it, they want the drug the same time they took before. And if they will not get things they require they try to hurt themselves or attempt suicide as they cannot control their emotion. Addiction to drugs has created lots of problems in society, along with the addicted person everyone in the family gets worried about their situation. There are many devastating incidents that have occurred due to drugs. So we should try to stop it and try to throw it out from the world because it makes no good for any one. It is hard to do because everything that hampers seems like good at but only knowledged person can identify the difference in going to a right path or wrong path. It is hard to blame on any incidents after it is attempted. So, it is better to take the precautions. Prevention is better than cure for sure. Trying drugs isn’t fun its life taking thing, once you start with it , it will end you up. This is the message for all the readers, may be you are not the one who is addicted but there are so many people around you; they might be your friends, your family member, your neighbor so it is in your hand, to some extent, to help them out from this addiction. Let us not think of who to be blamed for the addiction of teenagers today. Who to be blamed? The society, parents or themselves. Whom? This is the issue to be thought over and over again so that a solution would come out and we could help them come out of this thing. DRUGS ARE DANGEROUS, TRY WATER MUGS NOT DRUGS.

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THE VALUE OF TIME

We come to this world for a few years. We have a limited span of life though we have no idea till when. We have to use time wisely. Time once gone never comes back. We cannot hold up the passage of time. Success in life depends on the right use of time. If we use time properly, we can achieve a lot in life. If we waste time, we can accomplish little. Loss of time leads us to failure and grief. Time and tide waits for none there’s a proverb too, it tells you clearly that time is so much precious in each of our lives.  

Some people spend time carelessly. They do not realize the importance of time. Time is very valuable. We should attach as much importance to time as to wealth. Time should be used wisely. We should utilize every second, every minute, every hour and every day. To utilize time, we should have a routine of work. If we follow this routine, time is not wasted. Waste of time is a great loss. It is a loss of life itself. Our life is nothing but a package of time. Once time is gone you can’t get it back by chasing it, wishing those time would come back is just a wish but will not happen in real. 

Our daily life should be carefully planned. We should set aside time for different activities. We should spend the major portion of our time in important activities. We should not spend time in idleness. We should do useful activities. Some people spend much time in gossiping, playing cards, going for cinemas and other unnecessary things. This is nothing but a waste of time. Time should not be wasted in idle past times. Just like every drop of water forms an ocean in similar way every second from a time. Nothing is important than time in today’s world. People run after time so that they could complete the task they planned. 

Some young people so not attach any importance to time. They follow no routine. They do what they feel like at whatever time they want. These people do not realize that they are wasting time. They will come to grief in future. Children and young people should be taught the value of time by their parents and teachers. Parents should teach the ignorant children how to use time properly. Their energies should be diverted to useful activities. The same lesson should be impacted by teachers at school.

Time may be broadly divided into three categories; the past, the present, the future. The past is dead and gone: we have no control over it. We can simply think over what we have dne and learn to correct our mistakes. The present is the most important time. It is running quickly. We have to use it carefully. We should not waste a single moment. The future is also important. We should plan wisely for it and act accordingly.

Life is very valuable. We have to accomplish many things but we don’t know where and when will it end, so it shouldn’t be wasted by doing unnecessary things. If we value our life, we must value the time. Time is life itself. We should learn the importance of time and walk with it. Time is never going to wait for us. Waste of time is a great loss. We cannot regain wasted time at any cost. Time once gone is gone forever, it’s like life that has gone and will never come back. People should know the importance of time comparing it with the life.

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